An already final decision of the Court of Appeal can be challenged by extraordinary appeals. These are the summons, the action for confusion and the action for retrial. In case of violation of constitutional rights, a constitutional complaint can be filed. However, the reasons for using these procedural means should arise only in exceptional cases.

If the decision of the Court of Appeal is served on the parties, it becomes legal force and cannot be appealed against any longer. However, where serious errors have been committed, one of the exceptional remedies may be brought against him, i.e. an appeal, an action for confusion or an action for a retrial.

An appeal may be used to challenge final decisions of the Court of Appeal in a case where the party considers that the courts have not ruled the case legally correctly. This may be a case where a court has deviated from settled decision-making practice or when it has decided on an issue that has not yet been dealt with by the courts, etc. Thus, the court of appeal examines only the legal side of the case, it does not deal with the facts. The appeal must be filed with the court of first instance within two months of the delivery of the decision of the court of appeal (the period cannot be waived). For the proceedings before the Court of Appeal, representation by a lawyer is required (if the participant does not have his own legal education).

An action for a retrial may be brought in a case where facts or evidence have emerged which the party could not have used without fault in the main proceedings and, at the same time, could lead to a more favourable outcome of the proceedings (for him).

Where there have been major procedural errors in the case, for example, where a court which was not competent to do so, a judge expelled or a judge ruled in favour of a party as a result of having committed an offence, such a decision may be challenged by an action for confusion.

A constitutional complaint can be filed against a final court decision or other intervention by a public authority that infringes constitutionally guaranteed rights. This is often a violation of the right to a fair trial or the right to judicial and other legal protection (this includes, for example, the right to hear a case without undue delay). As a rule, the decision of the Constitutional Court is already final, under certain circumstances a complaint can be filed with the European Court of Human Rights for violation of the rights guaranteed by the European Convention.

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